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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction01:17

Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
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Fungal Phylum Microsporidia01:28

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Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular fungi that were initially classified as protists but were later reclassified based on phylogenetic, molecular, and structural evidence linking them to the Chytridiomycota. These unicellular, non-motile organisms are highly specialized parasites that infect a wide range of animal hosts, including humans. They have evolved extensive genomic and metabolic reductions, making them highly dependent on their hosts for survival.Morphology and Genomic...
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Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

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The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
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Defense Mechanism Against Infection01:26

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Potential Associations Between Microbiome and COVID-19.

Huifen Wang1,2,3, Haiyu Wang1,2,3, Ying Sun1,2,3

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.

Frontiers in Medicine
|January 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 disrupts the gut and lung microbiome, increasing harmful bacteria and decreasing beneficial ones. Restoring this balance with fecal bacteria transplantation, prebiotics, or probiotics may help treat the disease.

Keywords:
ACE2COVID-19gut-lung axismicrobiotaprobiotics

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, presents significant global health challenges due to its high infectivity, morbidity, and mortality.
  • The human microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining physiological health and regulating immune responses.
  • Emerging evidence suggests a link between human microecological imbalances and various diseases, including COVID-19.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the microbial characteristics of COVID-19 patients, focusing on gut, lung, and oral microbiomes.
  • To elucidate the potential microecological mechanisms underlying COVID-19 progression.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of microbiome-modulating interventions for COVID-19.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies examining the microbiome in COVID-19 patients.
  • Analysis of microbial alterations in gut and airway microbiomes.
  • Synthesis of proposed mechanisms involving the lung-gut axis, ACE2, and mitochondria.

Main Results:

  • COVID-19 is associated with significant dysbiosis in both the gut and airway microbiomes.
  • Characterized by an increase in conditional pathogenic bacteria and a reduction in beneficial bacteria.
  • Intestinal dysbiosis may contribute to COVID-19 pathogenesis via interactions with ACE2, mitochondria, and the lung-gut axis.

Conclusions:

  • Microecological imbalances are implicated in the development and progression of COVID-19.
  • Interventions such as fecal bacteria transplantation (FMT), prebiotics, and probiotics show promise for managing COVID-19.
  • Targeting the microbiome could be a valuable strategy to mitigate severe outcomes of COVID-19.