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Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

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Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
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Self-regulation, also known as self-control, encompasses a range of cognitive and behavioral processes that allow individuals to adjust their internal states and outward actions to align with socially acceptable norms and long-term goals. It plays a fundamental role in adaptive functioning, from resisting impulsive behaviors to persisting through challenging tasks. While its benefits are widely recognized, self-regulation is not limitless. Muraven and Baumeister's theory posits that...
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Counterfactual Thinking01:19

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Counterfactual thinking is a cognitive process wherein individuals mentally reconstruct alternative versions of past events, often beginning with “what if” or “if only.” This reflective mechanism plays a significant role in shaping emotional experiences and guiding future behavior. Though typically triggered by unfavorable or unexpected outcomes, counterfactual thinking can also emerge in mundane, everyday decisions and experiences, revealing its deep entrenchment in...
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Updated: Oct 7, 2025

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
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Executive control by fronto-parietal activity explains counterintuitive decision behavior in complex value-based

Teppei Matsui1, Yoshiki Hattori2, Kaho Tsumura2

  • 1Department of Biology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan; JST-PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan.

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|January 10, 2022
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Summary

Humans use cognitive control for complex decisions involving multiple factors like delay and probability. This study shows fronto-parietal brain activity linked to strategy switching in complex value-based decision-making.

Keywords:
Cognitive controlDecision-makingFronto-parietal networkUncertaintyValue

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroeconomics

Background:

  • Human decision-making often involves integrating multiple independent factors, such as delay and probability.
  • Cognitive control is crucial for managing complex tasks, but its necessity in value-based decision-making remains debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate decision-making behaviors and neural mechanisms under complex conditions involving simultaneous probability and delay considerations.
  • To determine the role of cognitive control in value-based decision-making when faced with multifactorial complexity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel multifactor gambling task where participants evaluated both probability and delay.
  • Analyzed behavioral data using logistic regression and examined brain activations using meta-analysis of neuroimaging data.
  • Compared performance in the multifactor task with control tasks involving single factors.

Main Results:

  • Decision-making behavior was influenced by both probability and delay, with probability having a stronger effect.
  • Paradoxical reaction time elongation occurred in complex conditions associated with fronto-parietal activation, unlike single-factor tasks.
  • Evidence suggests the presence of multiple decision strategies and potential strategy switching.

Conclusions:

  • Complex value-based decision-making tasks prominently activate the fronto-parietal cortex.
  • These activations are interpreted as the recruitment of the cognitive control system to manage complex decision-making situations.
  • Strategy switching may underlie paradoxical reaction time increases in complex decision scenarios.