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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
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Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis

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Emerging Biomarkers in Thyroid Practice and Research.

Shipra Agarwal1, Andrey Bychkov2, Chan-Kwon Jung3,4

  • 1Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110608, India.

Cancers
|January 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Molecular biomarkers are revolutionizing thyroid cancer diagnosis and treatment. This review details epigenetic changes, genetic mutations, and novel markers impacting patient management and immunotherapy response prediction.

Keywords:
diagnosisimmunohistochemistryliquid biopsymolecularpredictive biomarkersprognosistargeted therapythyroid cancertumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy.
  • Molecular biology advances enhance understanding of thyroid neoplasm pathogenesis and behavior.
  • Updated thyroid tumor classification reflects new entities and re-categorizations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review molecular biomarkers for thyroid cancer.
  • To discuss diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic roles of biomarkers.
  • To summarize advancements in understanding thyroid tumorigenesis and patient management.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of literature on molecular biomarkers in thyroid cancer.
  • Discussion of epigenetic dysregulation (DNA methylation, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs).
  • Analysis of germline mutations, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and immunohistochemical markers (BRAF V600E, RAS, TRK, ALK, Ki-67).

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic dysregulation, germline mutations, and SNPs contribute to thyroid tumorigenesis.
  • Novel immunohistochemical markers and established markers like Ki-67 are clinically relevant.
  • Tumor microenvironment markers (PD-L1, CD markers) predict immunotherapy response.
  • Liquid biopsy techniques offer non-invasive patient management strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular biomarkers are crucial for diagnosing, predicting, and treating thyroid cancer.
  • Understanding the tumor microenvironment and utilizing liquid biopsies are key future directions.
  • Advances in molecular biology are transforming thyroid cancer management and classification.