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Enteral nutrition encompasses various methods of delivering nutrition directly to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, bypassing traditional oral intake. It is particularly beneficial for patients who cannot eat by mouth but have a functioning digestive system. Key methods include nasointestinal feeding, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy, each suited to different clinical scenarios based on the patient's needs and condition.
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Correction: Pramesthi et al. Evaluating the Impact of Indonesia's National School Feeding Program (ProGAS) on Children's Nutrition and Learning Environment: A Mixed-Methods Approach. <i>Nutrients</i> 2025, <i>17</i>, 3575.

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Long-Term Space Nutrition: A Scoping Review.

Hong Tang1, Hope Hui Rising2, Manoranjan Majji3

  • 1College of Landscape and Tourism, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sustainable space nutrition systems require fresh food production and nutrient recycling for long-term astronaut survival. This review identifies needs and gaps for future space exploration missions.

Keywords:
adverse living environmentastronautsdietary deficienciesfresh foodlong-term space tasksmicrogravitynutritional strategiesself-sufficientspace food systemsspace nutrition

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Area of Science:

  • Space exploration
  • Astronaut nutrition
  • Life support systems

Background:

  • Long-term space missions present unique nutritional challenges for astronauts.
  • Maintaining astronaut health and performance requires a robust space nutrition system.
  • Current evidence on sustainable space nutrition needs comprehensive review.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify current evidence and knowledge gaps in long-term space nutrition.
  • To define critical nutritional needs for astronauts during extended spaceflight.
  • To outline essential components for a sustainable space nutrition system.

Main Methods:

  • Scoping review methodology employed to synthesize existing research.
  • Systematic literature search using keywords like "space food" and "astronaut survival".
  • Screening of over 5000 articles, with 218 selected for full-text review.

Main Results:

  • Short-term nutritional deficiencies can be managed with appropriate diets and supplements.
  • Long-term self-sufficiency necessitates fresh food production and nutrient recycling.
  • Closed-loop biospheres and habitat-based systems are crucial for sustainable life support.

Conclusions:

  • Fresh food production, nutrient recycling, and closed-loop systems are key for long-term space nutrition.
  • Further research is needed to optimize sustainable nutrition solutions for deep space missions.
  • Developing comprehensive space nutrition strategies is vital for future human space exploration.