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Systematic Map of Human-Raptor Interaction and Coexistence Research.

Angeline C Canney¹, Lauren M McGough¹, Nate A Bickford¹

¹Department of Biology, Colorado State University Pueblo, Pueblo, CO 81001, USA.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI

|January 11, 2022

Summary

Human-raptor interaction research is geographically biased and lacks social science. Conservation efforts need to address human behavior, culture, and politics for effective raptor coexistence.

Keywords:

conservation social sciences human dimensions human–wildlife conflict illegal shooting persecution

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Area of Science:

Conservation Biology
Human-Wildlife Interactions
Ecology

Background:

Global raptor conservation depends on human coexistence.
Existing human-wildlife interaction research primarily focuses on terrestrial mammals.
The scope of human-raptor interaction research remains largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify and characterize the state of applied, cross-disciplinary literature on human-raptor interactions.
To identify trends, gaps, and biases in human-raptor interaction research.
To critically reflect on the scope of existing research for conservation applications.

Main Methods:

Systematic map (scoping review) protocols were employed.
Peer-reviewed literature on human-raptor interaction, conflict, tolerance, acceptance, persecution, and coexistence was cataloged.
383 relevant papers were retrieved and analyzed.

Main Results:

Research is concentrated in North America and Europe.
A disproportionately small number of studies incorporate interdisciplinary and social science perspectives.
Most research focuses on indirect anthropogenic mortality, with limited concrete management suggestions.

Conclusions:

Human-raptor interaction research predominantly examines ecological effects over sociocultural causes.
Effective raptor conservation necessitates greater inquiry into human behavioral, cultural, and political factors.
Integrating social sciences is crucial for improving human-raptor coexistence strategies.