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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Development of Heterogeneous Enantioselective Catalysts using Chiral Metal-Organic Frameworks MOFs

Development of Heterogeneous Enantioselective Catalysts using Chiral Metal-Organic Frameworks MOFs

Published on: January 17, 2020

Computational Study of Catalytic Urethane Formation.

Hadeer Q Waleed¹, Marcell Csécsi¹, Rachid Hadjadj¹

¹Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary.

|January 11, 2022

Summary

Nitrogen-containing catalysts significantly accelerate urethane formation by lowering reaction barriers. This study examines eight catalysts for polyurethane synthesis, aiding future catalyst design.

Keywords:

DFT catalyst-free catalysts composite method proton affinities urethane formation

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Published on: June 24, 2022

Area of Science:

Chemistry
Materials Science

Background:

Polyurethanes (PUs) are versatile polymers with broad applications.
Nitrogen-containing compounds are crucial catalysts in PU foam synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the catalytic effect of eight nitrogen-containing compounds on urethane formation.
To elucidate the mechanism of catalyzed urethane synthesis.

Main Methods:

Computational study using the G3MP2BHandHLYP composite method.
Inclusion of solvent effects via the SMD implicit solvent model.
Analysis of reaction mechanism, barrier heights, and proton affinities.

Main Results:

Catalysts significantly reduced the reaction barrier height (∆E0 > 100 kJ/mol).
A general mechanism for catalyzed urethane formation was proposed.
Proton affinities of catalysts were evaluated.

Conclusions:

Nitrogen-containing catalysts play a vital role in accelerating urethane formation.
The findings provide insights for designing and developing new PU catalysts.