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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Smartphone Fundus Photography
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A comparison between stereophotogrammetry and smartphone structured light technology for three-dimensional face

Giorgio D'Ettorre, Marco Farronato, Ettore Candida

    The Angle Orthodontist
    |January 11, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Smartphone 3D facial scanning apps using TrueDepth technology show promise for portability and cost-effectiveness. However, these methods require more operator accuracy and patient compliance due to longer acquisition times compared to traditional stereophotogrammetry.

    Keywords:
    Facial scanOrthodonticsStereophotogrammetry

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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Imaging
    • Computer Vision
    • Biomedical Engineering

    Background:

    • Three-dimensional (3D) facial scanning is crucial for various medical and cosmetic applications.
    • Traditional stereophotogrammetry systems are accurate but often bulky and expensive.
    • Advancements in smartphone technology, including TrueDepth sensors, offer potential for more accessible 3D facial imaging.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare the accuracy and efficiency of 3D facial scans generated by smartphone applications utilizing TrueDepth technology against a professional stereophotogrammetry system.
    • To evaluate the feasibility of using smartphone-based 3D facial scanning for clinical or research purposes.

    Main Methods:

    • Acquired 3D facial scans from 40 subjects using the 3dMDtrio Stereophotogrammetry System as a reference.
    • Compared the 3dMD system with two smartphone applications: Bellus3D Face and Capture, both leveraging the TrueDepth system.
    • Measured surface-to-surface deviation and landmark distances between the systems, alongside acquisition and processing times.

    Main Results:

    • Smartphone applications had significantly longer acquisition and processing times compared to the 3dMD system.
    • Surface-to-surface deviation analysis showed overlap percentages within 1 mm and 0.5 mm discrepancy for Bellus3D (80.01% ± 5.92%, 56.62% ± 7.65%) and Capture (81.40% ± 9.59%, 56.45% ± 11.62%).
    • Both smartphone methods demonstrated comparable accuracy to the reference system within acceptable ranges for certain applications.

    Conclusions:

    • While the 3dMD system is fast and accurate, its cost and bulkiness are limitations.
    • Smartphone applications with TrueDepth sensors offer a portable and cost-effective alternative for 3D facial scanning.
    • Further improvements in accuracy and workflow are needed, alongside patient cooperation due to extended scanning times.