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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Small-Cell Malignancies of Thyroid: Challenge Solved?

Sule Canberk1,2,3, Eleni Thodou4, Massimo Bongiovanni5

  • 1Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.

Acta Cytologica
|January 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing small-cell malignancies of the thyroid is complex. This review details cytomorphological and clinical clues for accurate differential diagnosis of these rare thyroid tumors.

Keywords:
Adamantinoma-like Ewing sarcomaCarcinoma with Ewing family tumor elementsFine needle aspiration cytologyMedullary thyroid carcinomaPoorly differentiated thyroid carcinomaPrimary extraskeletal Ewing family tumorsSmall-cell malignancies of thyroidSmall-cell morphology on cytologySmall-cell tumors of thyroidThyroid cytologyThyroid lymphomaThyroid teratoma

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Cytopathology

Background:

  • The term "small-cell malignancies of thyroid" encompasses a heterogeneous group of rare tumors.
  • This includes well-recognized entities like medullary thyroid carcinoma and primary thyroid lymphomas, as well as less common tumors such as primary neuroendocrine carcinoma and Ewing family tumors.
  • Distinguishing these from metastatic small-cell carcinomas is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the cytomorphological and clinical features of various small-cell malignancies of the thyroid.
  • To provide guidance for accurate differential diagnosis based on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).
  • To discuss entities not yet recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review focusing on cytomorphological and clinical characteristics of small-cell thyroid tumors.
  • Analysis of diagnostic clues from FNAC samples.
  • Inclusion of less recognized entities and their diagnostic criteria.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of cytomorphological and clinical findings for each entity.
  • Identification of key features to differentiate between primary thyroidal small-cell tumors and metastatic lesions.
  • A proposed algorithm for FNAC-based diagnosis of small-cell thyroid lesions.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of small-cell thyroid malignancies requires careful evaluation of cytomorphological and clinical data.
  • The review provides a framework for diagnosing both recognized and emerging entities.
  • The suggested FNAC-based algorithm can aid clinicians in managing these challenging cases.