Emerging harmful algal bloom species over the last four decades in China

The first recorded micro-algae bloom in Chinese coastal waters dates back to 1933 and was caused by a mixture of Noctiluca scintillans and Skeletonema costatum sensu lato along the Zhejiang coast (the East China Sea). While well-documented harmful algal blooms (HABs) appeared to be extremely scarce from the 1950s to 1990, both the frequency and intensity have been reportedly increasing since 1990. Among them, the fish-killing HABs, mainly caused by Karenia mikimotoi, Karlodinium digitatum, Karlodinium veneficum, Margalefidinium polykrikoides, and Heterocapsa spp., have intensified. Karenia mikimotoi was responsible for at least two extremely serious events in the Pearl River Estuary in 1998 and the Taiwan Strait (in the East China Sea) in 2012, which appeared to be associated with abnormal climate conditions and excessive nutrients loading. Other major toxic algal blooms have been caused by the species responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (including Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium pacificum, Gymnodinium catenatum) and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (including Dinophysis spp., and a couple of benthic dinoflagellates). Consequent closures of shellfish farms have resulted in enormous economic losses, while consumption of contaminated shellfish has led to occasional human mortality in the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea. Expansions of these HABs species along the coastline of China have occurred over the last four decades and, due to the projected global changes in the climate and marine environments and other anthropological activities, there is potential for the emergence of new types of HABs in China in the future. This literature review aimed to present an updated overview of HABs species over the last four decades in China.