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Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
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Serum complement component 3, complement component 4 and complement component 1q levels predict progressive visual

Shengjie Li1, Yichao Qiu1, Jian Yu2

  • 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

The British Journal of Ophthalmology
|January 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Lower levels of complement components C3, C4, and C1q are linked to increased visual field loss progression in older women with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG). This finding highlights potential biomarkers for disease advancement in this demographic.

Keywords:
glaucomaimmunologyinflammation

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology
  • Glaucoma Research

Background:

  • Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness.
  • The role of the complement system in PACG pathogenesis and progression remains incompletely understood.
  • Identifying biomarkers for visual field (VF) loss progression is crucial for managing PACG.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between serum levels of complement components (C3, C4, and C1q) and VF loss progression in patients with PACG.
  • To determine if these complement levels predict the risk of developing or worsening VF defects.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective cohort study involving 308 PACG patients followed for at least two years.
  • Clinical examinations and VF testing were performed every six months.
  • Patients were stratified by sex and age (<60 and ≥60 years) to analyze subgroup differences.

Main Results:

  • A significant association between lower serum C3, C4, and C1q levels and increased VF progression was observed exclusively in the subgroup of females aged 60 years and older.
  • Lower baseline levels of C3, C4, and C1q were associated with a greater risk of VF progression in this specific subgroup.
  • A negative correlation was found between baseline C3, C4, and C1q levels and the risk of VF progression in older female PACG patients.

Conclusions:

  • Decreased serum levels of C3, C4, and C1q at baseline are significant predictors of greater VF loss progression risk.
  • This association is specific to older women diagnosed with PACG.
  • These complement components may serve as potential biomarkers for monitoring disease progression in elderly female PACG patients.