Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP

During solar storms, the Sun expels large amounts of energetic particles (SEP) that can react with the Earth's atmospheric constituents and produce cosmogenic radionuclides such as ¹⁴C, ¹⁰Be and ³⁶Cl. Here we present ¹⁰Be and ³⁶Cl data measured in ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica. The data consistently show one of the largest ¹⁰Be and ³⁶Cl production peaks detected so far, most likely produced by an extreme SEP event that hit Earth 9125 years BP (before present, i.e., before 1950 CE), i.e., 7176 BCE. Using the ³⁶Cl/¹⁰Be ratio, we demonstrate that this event was characterized by a very hard energy spectrum and was possibly up to two orders of magnitude larger than any SEP event during the instrumental period. Furthermore, we provide ¹⁰Be-based evidence that, contrary to expectations, the SEP event occurred near a solar minimum.