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Updated: Oct 7, 2025
Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
Published on: March 21, 2013
Sex Differences in Orthostatic Tolerance Are Mainly Explained by Blood Volume and Oxygen Carrying Capacity
Candela Diaz-Canestro1, Brandon Pentz2, Arshia Sehgal2
1Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Objectives:
The reduced orthostatic tolerance (OT) that is characteristic of the female sex may be explained by multiple phenotypic differences between sexes. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanistic role of blood volume (BV) and oxygen carrying capacity on sex differences in OT.
Design:
Experimental intervention.
Setting:
University of Calgary, Main Campus, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Subjects:
Healthy women and men (n = 90) throughout the adult lifespan (20-89 yr) matched by age and physical activity.
Interventions:
Incremental lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in all individuals. Blood withdrawal and oxygen carrying capacity reduction in men to match with women's levels.
Measurements And Main Results:
Transthoracic echocardiography and central blood pressures were assessed throughout incremental LBNP for 1 hour or until presyncope. Blood uniformization resulted in a precise sex match of BV and oxygen carrying capacity (p ≥ 0.598). A third of women (14/45) and two thirds of men (31/45) prior to blood uniformization completed the orthostatic test without presyncopal symptoms (p-for-sex < 0.001). After blood uniformization, seven out of 45 men completed the test (p-for-sex = 0.081). Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and stroke volume (SV) were progressively reduced with LBNP in both sexes, with women showing markedly lower volumes than men (p < 0.001). Blood uniformization did not eliminate sex differences in LVEDV and SV.
Conclusions:
Sex differences in OT are not present when BV and oxygen carrying capacity are experimentally matched between sexes throughout the adult lifespan.
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