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A cascade of bHLH-regulated pathways programs maize anther development.

Guo-Ling Nan1, Chong Teng2, John Fernandes1

  • 1Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

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|January 12, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Male fertility in maize requires four sequential basic helix-loop-helix genes acting in the tapetum. MS23 is a master regulator, and its absence impacts 24-nt phased small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs) biogenesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Reproductive Biology

Background:

  • Anther development and fertile pollen production depend on precise spatiotemporal regulation of somatic tissues.
  • Complex transcription factor networks orchestrate these developmental processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the roles of four interacting basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) genes (Ms23, Ms32, bHLH122, and bHLH51) in maize (Zea mays) anther development and male fertility.
  • To elucidate the regulatory relationships and functional interactions among these bHLH genes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of functional knockout mutants for Ms23, Ms32, bHLH122, and bHLH51 in maize.
  • Cytological observation of anther development, particularly in the tapetum (TP).
  • Analysis of premeiotic gene expression and 24-nt phased secondary small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs) and their precursor transcripts.

Main Results:

  • All four bHLH genes are essential for maize male fertility, acting sequentially in the tapetum.
  • MS23 functions as a master regulator, with its mutation causing the earliest and most severe developmental defects.
  • Mutations in ms23, ms32, and bhlh122-1 result in the loss of 24-nt phasiRNAs and their precursor transcripts, indicating a role in phasiRNA biogenesis.
  • MS23 and MS32 are upstream regulators of Dcl5 and 24-PHAS transcription, while bHLH122 has a distinct role in 24-PHAS transcription.

Conclusions:

  • The coordinated action of Ms23, Ms32, bHLH122, and bHLH5 is crucial for maize male fertility through intricate regulatory networks.
  • MS23 and MS32 are key regulators of 24-nt phasiRNA production, essential for male fertility.
  • These bHLH genes form a regulatory cascade controlling tapetal development and pollen formation.