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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation
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Heterogeneous Polymeric Particles Encapsulating Human T cells for Controlled Activation, Proliferation, and Delivery.

Chang Liu, Paola Leon-Plata, Maryam Zaroudi

    ACS Applied Bio Materials
    |January 12, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed toroidal spiral particles (TSPs) for cell delivery, enabling continuous cell activation, expansion, and sustained local release. These engineered particles offer control over cell behavior and hold potential for minimally invasive adoptive cellular therapy.

    Keywords:
    T cell deliverycell therapycontrolled releaseimmunotherapytoroidal spiral particles

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomaterials Science
    • Cell Therapy Engineering
    • Drug Delivery Systems

    Background:

    • Cellular therapies require effective delivery platforms for activation, expansion, and controlled release.
    • Current methods face challenges in maintaining cell viability and achieving localized therapeutic effects.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce toroidal spiral particles (TSPs) as a novel particulate cell delivery platform.
    • To demonstrate the engineering flexibility of TSPs for controlling cellular microenvironments and release kinetics.
    • To explore the potential of TSPs for adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) in tumor treatment.

    Main Methods:

    • TSPs were generated via self-assembly of polymeric droplet sedimentation in aqueous solution followed by solidification.
    • Engineering design flexibilities were utilized to manipulate the cellular microenvironment.
    • Millimeter-size particles with tailored mechanical and physicochemical properties were produced.

    Main Results:

    • TSPs facilitate continuous cell activation, expansion, and local sustained release.
    • The platform allows manipulation of cell proliferation, migration, and release kinetics.
    • Biocompatible TSPs possess tunable properties for specific applications.

    Conclusions:

    • Toroidal spiral particles (TSPs) represent a versatile platform for cell delivery and modulation.
    • The engineered properties of TSPs support controlled cellular responses and sustained release.
    • TSPs show promise for minimally invasive adoptive cellular therapy delivery to tumor masses.