Jupiter's Overturning Circulation: Breaking Waves Take the Place of Solid Boundaries

Cloud-tracked wind observations document the role of eddies in putting momentum into the zonal jets. Chemical tracers, lightning, clouds, and temperature anomalies document the rising and sinking in the belts and zones, but questions remain about what drives the flow between the belts and zones. We suggest an additional role for the eddies, which is to generate waves that propagate both up and down from the cloud layer. When the waves break they deposit momentum and thereby replace the friction forces at solid boundaries that enable overturning circulations on terrestrial planets. By depositing momentum of one sign within the cloud layer and momentum of the opposite sign above and below the clouds, the eddies maintain all components of the circulation, including the stacked, oppositely rotating cells between each belt-zone pair, and the zonal jets themselves.