Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis
Published on: September 11, 2019
A rare case of common variable immunodeficiency and hepatopulmonary syndrome
Emily Lawton1,2, Chien-Li Holmes-Liew1,2
1Thoracic Medicine Royal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide South Australia Australia.
Abstract:
Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is the triad of liver disease, hypoxia and intrapulmonary shunt. In this case report, we describe an immunocompromised female with a background of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) who presented with haemoptysis and dyspnoea. Investigations demonstrated significant hypoxaemia and intrapulmonary right-to-left shunting. Further evidence revealed advanced liver cirrhosis, and a diagnosis of HPS was made. This extremely rare association of CVID and HPS is one of the few cases reported in the literature.
Related Concept Videos
Immunodeficiency Diseases
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis
CF is primarily caused by a genetic mutation in a chromosome 7 gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The most common gene mutation leading to CF is the ΔF508 mutation,...
Other Pulmonary Disorders
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...

