Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder
Published on: March 4, 2018
Freezing of gait: overview on etiology, treatment, and future directions
Marika Falla1,2, Giovanni Cossu3, Alessio Di Fonzo4
1Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Corso Bettini, 31, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy. marika.falla@unitn.it.
Background:
Freezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling motor symptom occurring mainly in the advanced stage of Parkinson's disease (PD).
Methods:
This review outlines the clinical manifestation of FOG and its relationship with levodopa treatment, the differential diagnosis with respect to other neurodegenerative and secondary forms and the available treatment.
Results:
We report the proposed models explaining the FOG phenomenon and summarize the available knowledge on FOG etiology's potential genetic contribution. A complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying FOG in PD is essential to find the best therapy. Different treatment options exist but are still not entirely successful, and often a combination of approaches is needed.
Conclusions:
Further studies focusing on the potential genetic role in FOG may increase the knowledge on the FOG etiology and pathophysiology, allowing further individualized treatment strategies for this very disabling phenomenon.
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