Active beam manipulation and convolution operation in VO₂-integrated coding terahertz metasurfaces

Coding metasurfaces have received tremendous interest due to their unprecedented control of beams through the flexible design of coding sequences. However, realizing tunable coding metasurfaces with scattering-pattern shifts in the terahertz range is still challenging. Here, we propose a VO₂-integrated coding metasurface to realize a thermally controlled scattering-pattern shift by convolution operation. The required phase profiles and high amplitudes of 1-bit and 2-bit coding metasurfaces are easily obtained only by changing the length of the VO₂ cut-wires. The insulator-metal phase transition of the VO₂ cut-wires leads to an ultrafast switching effect between multiple deflected scattering beams and one normally reflected beam. In particular, the VO₂ phase transition contributes to dynamical convolution operations of the 2-bit coding metasurface. The proposed VO₂-integrated coding metasurfaces are important for realizing tunable terahertz beam manipulation as well as arbitrary required scattering beams.