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Related Concept Videos

Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

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This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
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Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Grignard Reaction02:00

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Grignard Reaction

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Grignard reagents are one of the most commonly used reagents used to synthesize alcohols from carbonyl compounds. Grignard reagents are organomagnesium halides with a highly polar carbon–magnesium bond. Due to the partial ionic nature of the C–Mg bond, the carbon functions as a strong nucleophile and attacks electrophiles like carbonyl carbon.
Magnesium from the reagent coordinates with carbonyl oxygen, further reducing the carbonyl carbon's electron density. Thus, the...
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Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction01:23

Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction

7.7K
Protecting groups are compounds that can bind to a specific functional group in the presence of other functional groups to protect them from undesired chemical reactions. These compounds can selectively bind to particular functional groups and advance chemoselective reactions in polyfunctional systems (Figure 1). After the functional group has served its purpose, it is removed by reacting it with specific compounds.
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Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones01:24

Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones

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Acetals are formed by reacting two equivalents of alcohol with carbonyl compounds like aldehydes or ketones. Acetals are unaffected by bases, nucleophiles, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents. They serve as protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones. Acetals can be easily formed and also easily removed via mild acid hydrolysis.
In the presence of multiple functional groups, when selective reduction of one group over the other is desired, groups like aldehydes and ketones that form acetals...
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Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction02:23

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

11.0K
Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...
11.0K
Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

6.6K
Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
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Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications
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Super-alcohol-repellent coatings.

Wei Li1, Xin Tang1, Xing Han1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|January 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Fully crosslinking fluorinated silane coatings via annealing creates super alcohol-repellency. This breakthrough enables precise manipulation of alcohol droplets for sensitive applications like amino acid detection.

Keywords:
Alcohol-repellencyCoatingLoss-free droplet manipulationMicrofluidicsSuperomniphobicity

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Fluorinated coatings typically repel low-surface-tension oils but fail with high-surface-tension alcohols.
  • Un-crosslinked fluorinated silanes are susceptible to wetting by alcohols, limiting coating performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a super alcohol-repellent coating by enhancing fluorinated silane crosslinking.
  • To demonstrate the effectiveness of annealing in achieving alcohol repellency.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a coating using perfluoroalkyl silane on sintered hollow silica nanospheres.
  • A two-step annealing process to promote crosslinking of the silane.
  • Surface chemistry analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • The developed coating exhibits super-repellency to a wide range of alcohols (20.9–64.8 mN m⁻¹).
  • Annealing promotes silanol group condensation, crucial for heat-mediated crosslinking and alcohol repellency.
  • The annealing strategy is transferable to other fluorinated coatings, enhancing their alcohol repellency.

Conclusions:

  • Heat-mediated crosslinking of perfluoroalkyl silane is key to achieving super alcohol-repellency.
  • The super alcohol-repellent coating enables loss-free manipulation of alcohol droplets, valuable for amino acid detection.
  • This coating offers broad applicability in biological, chemical, and medical fields due to its universal liquid repellency.