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Related Concept Videos

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Neuroplasticity

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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Basic mechanisms of plasticity and learning.

Andrea Mancini1, Antonio de Iure2, Barbara Picconi3

  • 1Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|January 17, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This chapter explores synaptic plasticity mechanisms in the hippocampus and nucleus striatum, crucial for learning and memory. It also examines how these processes are disrupted in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders.

Keywords:
DopamineHippocampusLong-term depressionLong-term potentiationMemoryNucleus striatumSynaptic plasticityTranscranial magnetic stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neurobiology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The last century saw significant research into the neurobiological underpinnings of learning and memory.
  • Understanding long-term changes in neuronal synaptic connections is key to how neural networks form during memory acquisition and skill learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the mechanisms of major synaptic plasticity forms.
  • To discuss the disruption of these mechanisms in neurological disorders.
  • To highlight the translational relevance of synaptic plasticity research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus.
  • Review of studies on synaptic plasticity in the nucleus striatum.
  • Analysis of molecular pathways involved in synaptic plasticity.

Main Results:

  • Synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and nucleus striatum underpins learning and memory.
  • Molecular pathways regulating physiological synaptic changes are crucial.
  • Disruption of these pathways is implicated in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Synaptic plasticity is fundamental to cognitive functions mediated by the hippocampus and nucleus striatum.
  • Molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity offer insights into neurological disease pathogenesis.
  • Research in this field has significant translational implications for treating cognitive impairments.