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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Recent Progress in Pd-Based Nanocatalysts for Selective Hydrogenation.

Xiaojing Zhao1, Yandong Chang1,2, Wen-Jie Chen1

  • 1College of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China.

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|January 17, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This perspective reviews palladium-based catalysts for selective hydrogenation, focusing on how catalyst size, composition, and surface structure impact performance in producing chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals.

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Selective hydrogenation is crucial in chemical manufacturing, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
  • Palladium (Pd)-based catalysts are widely used due to their electronic properties and substrate activation capabilities.
  • A comprehensive summary of Pd catalyst characteristics (size, composition, surface effects) for selective hydrogenation is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize research on Pd-based catalysts for selective hydrogenation.
  • To investigate strategies for enhancing catalytic performance.
  • To provide guidelines for designing efficient heterogeneous Pd catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing research on Pd-based catalysts.
  • Analysis of the influence of catalyst size, composition, and surface/interface structure.
  • Examination of effects on hydrogen dissociation, substrate adsorption, and reaction pathways.

Main Results:

  • Detailed review of Pd catalyst effects on selective hydrogenation performance.
  • Exploration of Pd-based catalysts for hydrogenating alkynes, aldehydes, ketones, and nitroaromatics.
  • Understanding of structure-performance relationships in selective hydrogenation.

Conclusions:

  • Catalyst design strategies significantly improve selective hydrogenation efficiency.
  • Understanding fundamental principles guides the development of advanced Pd catalysts.
  • This review offers insights for creating effective heterogeneous Pd catalysts for diverse applications.