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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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MicroRNA regulation of BAG3.

Madhu V Singh1, Karthik Dhanabalan1, Joseph Verry1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.

Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.)
|January 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the expression of BAG3 protein, a key player in cellular stress responses and autophagy. This regulation is crucial for normal cellular functions and in diseases like peripheral artery disease.

Keywords:
BAG3MicroRNAapoptosisautophagygene regulationperipheral artery diseaseskeletal muscle

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) protein is a co-chaperone involved in apoptosis, autophagy, and cellular stress responses.
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, impacting numerous cellular functions.
  • Dysregulation of miRNA expression is linked to various diseases, including peripheral artery disease (PAD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of miRNAs in regulating BAG3 expression.
  • To explore the significance of miRNA-mediated BAG3 regulation in both normal and pathological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on the interaction between miRNAs and BAG3.
  • Analysis of studies investigating BAG3's role in cellular processes like autophagy and response to ischemia.
  • Examination of research linking miRNA dysregulation to diseases such as PAD.

Main Results:

  • BAG3 expression is modulated by miRNAs, affecting cellular adaptive responses to stress.
  • miRNAs play a critical role in regulating BAG3's function in skeletal muscle cells during ischemia.
  • Recent findings highlight the biological significance of miRNA-BAG3 interactions.

Conclusions:

  • miRNAs are key regulators of BAG3 expression.
  • Understanding miRNA-BAG3 interactions is crucial for elucidating cellular mechanisms in health and disease.
  • Further research into this regulatory axis may offer therapeutic insights for diseases like PAD.