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Acquired resistance for immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy: challenges and prospects

Xunrui Chen1, Wenhui Zhang2, Wenyan Yang3

  • 1Department of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China.

Aging
|January 17, 2022
PubMed

Drug resistance has become an obstacle to the further development of immunotherapy in clinical applications and experimental studies. In the current review, the acquired resistance to immunotherapy was examined. The mechanisms of acquired resistance were based on three aspects as follows: The change of the tumor functions, the upregulated expression of inhibitory immune checkpoint proteins, and the effects of the tumor microenvironment. The combined use of immunotherapy and other therapies is performed to delay acquired resistance. A comprehensive understanding of acquired drug resistance may provide ideas for solving this dilemma.

Keywords:
acquired resistancecombination therapyimmune checkpoint inhibitorimmunotherapythe tumor microenvironment

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