Fabrication of ionic liquid stabilized MXene interface for electrochemical dopamine detection

Development of MXene (Ti₃C₂Cl₂)-based sensing platforms by exploiting their inherent active electrochemistry is highly challenging due to their characteristic poor stability in air and water. Herein, we report a cost-effective methodology to deposit MXene on a conductive graphitic pencil electrode (GPE). MXenes can provide active surface area due to their clever morphology of accordion-like sheets; however, the disposition to stack together limits their potential applications. A task-specific ionic liquid (1-methyl imidazolium acetate) is utilized as a multiplex host material to engineer MXene interface via π-π interactions as well as to act as a selective binding site for biomolecules. The resulting IL-MXene/GPE interface proved to be a highly stable interface owing to good interactions between MXene and IL that inhibited electrode leaching and boosted electron transfer at the electrode-electrolyte interface. It resulted in robust dopamine (DA) oxidation with amplified faradaic response and enhanced sensitivity (9.61 µA µM^-1 cm^-2) for DA detection. This fabricated sensor demonstrated large linear range (10 µM - 2000 µM), low detection limit (702 nM), high reproducibility, and good selectivity. We anticipate that such platform will pave the way for the development of stable and economically viable MXene-based sensors without sacrificing their inherent properties. Scheme 1 Schematic illustration of the IL-MXene/GPE fabrication and oxidative process towards non-enzymatic dopamine sensor.