Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine

719
The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
The normal gut flora of the colon plays a critical role in generating essential vitamins such as vitamins K, B5, and B7.
719
Microorganisms in Agriculture and Food industry01:27

Microorganisms in Agriculture and Food industry

542
Microorganisms play a crucial role in agriculture and the food industry, contributing to soil fertility, crop protection, and food production. Their functions range from nitrogen fixation and biopesticide production to fermentation and food preservation, making them indispensable to sustainable farming and food safety.Role in AgricultureNitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium (symbiotic) and Azotobacter (free-living), convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia through biological nitrogen...
542
Microbial Nutrition01:28

Microbial Nutrition

483
Organisms exhibit remarkable metabolic diversity, categorized based on how they acquire energy and carbon. These strategies enable survival in various ecological niches and are essential for maintaining energy flow and nutrient cycling within ecosystems.Energy and Carbon SourcesOrganisms are classified as phototrophs or chemotrophs based on energy acquisition. Phototrophs use light as their energy source, while chemotrophs rely on oxidizing chemical compounds. Further differentiation arises...
483
History of Microbiology01:28

History of Microbiology

5.6K
Microbiology, a scientific field dedicated to the study of microorganisms, has undergone profound development since its inception in the 17th century. Its history is marked by key discoveries and technological advancements that have shaped our understanding of life at the microscopic level and transformed medicine, agriculture, and industry.Early Foundations of MicrobiologyThe early foundations of microbiology were built on groundbreaking observations and the development of pioneering...
5.6K
Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

83.9K
Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
83.9K
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

452
Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
452

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Perspective: Understanding raw milk quality and processing-Optimizing the dairy value chain from production through processing.

Journal of dairy science·2026
Same author

Antimicrobial use contributes to resistance gene enrichment across cattle groups on commercial dairy farms.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Long-term effects of systemic ceftiofur and ampicillin on the abundance and duration of shedding of resistant Gram-negative bacteria in the feces of healthy dairy cows: a randomized clinical trial.

Frontiers in veterinary science·2026
Same author

The future of udder health: Antimicrobial stewardship and alternative therapy of bovine mastitis.

JDS communications·2026
Same author

Assessing the Impacts of Dairy Farm Antimicrobial Use on the Bovine Fecal Microbiome.

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI·2025
Same author

Making Economically Efficient Treatment Decisions for Clinical Mastitis.

The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings
04:16

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings

Published on: February 7, 2025

639

The bovine milk microbiome - an evolving science.

Pamela L Ruegg1

  • 1Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA.

Domestic Animal Endocrinology
|January 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Defining the bovine milk microbiome is challenging due to low bacterial levels and inconsistent methods. Standardization of sample collection and laboratory processes is crucial for reliable results on the bovine milk microbiome.

Keywords:
BacteriaBovineMastitisMicrobiomeMilkUdder health

More Related Videos

A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples
09:09

A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples

Published on: March 23, 2018

10.0K
Novel Production Protocol for Small-scale Manufacture of Probiotic Fermented Foods
08:38

Novel Production Protocol for Small-scale Manufacture of Probiotic Fermented Foods

Published on: September 10, 2016

24.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings
04:16

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings

Published on: February 7, 2025

639
A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples
09:09

A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples

Published on: March 23, 2018

10.0K
Novel Production Protocol for Small-scale Manufacture of Probiotic Fermented Foods
08:38

Novel Production Protocol for Small-scale Manufacture of Probiotic Fermented Foods

Published on: September 10, 2016

24.7K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Animal Science

Background:

  • The bovine milk microbiome is of growing interest, with recent reviews highlighting its complexity.
  • Unlike other mucosal sites, healthy bovine milk typically harbors low bacterial biomass, posing significant challenges for analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To consolidate current understanding of the bovine milk microbiome's relevance and biological significance.
  • To identify key challenges and areas needing standardization in bovine milk microbiome research.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic, culture-independent methods are increasingly used to define the milk microbiota.
  • Studies face methodological challenges due to low bacterial biomass, leading to result variability.

Main Results:

  • Bacterial DNA is frequently detected, but viability, origin, and function remain uncertain.
  • Environmental factors significantly influence bacterial populations in milk, teat skin, and teat canals.
  • Lack of consensus exists on core microbiome presence and the role of dysbiosis in udder health.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized methods for sample collection, processing, and assessment are critically needed.
  • Minimizing contamination during sample collection and addressing laboratory issues like reagent contamination are essential.
  • Replication of experiments and validation across diverse farm conditions are required to solidify knowledge of the bovine milk microbiome.