Topological magnetic hysteresis in single crystals of CeAgSb₂ferromagnet

Closed-topology magnetic domains are usually observed in thin films and in an applied magnetic field. Here we report the observation of rectangular cross-section tubular ferromagnetic domains in thick single crystals of CeAgSb₂in zero applied field. Relatively low exchange energy, small net magnetic moment, and anisotropic in-plane crystal electric fields lower the domain wall energy and allow for the formation of the closed-topology patterns. The tubular domain structure irreversibly transforms into a dendritic pattern upon cycling the magnetic field. This transition between closed and open topologies results in a 'topological magnetic hysteresis'- the actual hysteresis in magnetization, not due to the imperfections and pinning, but due to the difference in the pattern morphology. Similar physics was suggested before in pure type-I superconductors and is believed to be a generic feature of other nonlinear single (present case), or two-phase (type-I superconductor) systems where the effects similar to demagnetization (shape-dependent macroscopic variation of properties) lead to pattern formation.