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Related Concept Videos

Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Author Spotlight: Comparing Alveolar and Long Bone Remodeling to Explore OTM Model Potential
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Author Spotlight: Comparing Alveolar and Long Bone Remodeling to Explore OTM Model Potential

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Orthodontic loading activates cell-specific autophagy in a force-dependent manner.

Laura Anne Jacox1, Na Tang2, Yina Li3

  • 1Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, and Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics
|January 18, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Autophagy, a cellular process, is activated by orthodontic tooth movement forces in specific cells. This process plays a role in regulating bone remodeling during tooth movement.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Orthodontics
  • Bone Physiology

Background:

  • Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) involves bone remodeling and aseptic inflammation.
  • Autophagy, a cellular degradation pathway, is implicated in bone turnover.
  • The role of autophagy in OTM requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of autophagy in regulating bone remodeling during OTM.
  • To determine if autophagy's involvement is force-dependent and cell-specific.

Main Methods:

  • A split-mouth mouse model was used with varying force levels (15, 30, 45g).
  • Green fluorescent protein-LC3 transgene detected autophagy via fluorescent microscopy.
  • Quantitative PCR and cell-specific antibodies analyzed autophagy markers and cell types.

Main Results:

  • Autophagic activity increased with moderate force, correlating with bone turnover and inflammatory markers.
  • Different force levels modulated autophagic activation, gene expression, and osteoclast recruitment.
  • Autophagy was specifically induced in macrophages and osteoclasts within periodontal tissues.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy is induced in macrophage lineage cells by orthodontic forces in a force-dependent manner.
  • Autophagy plays a role in OTM, potentially by modulating osteoclast activity.
  • Understanding autophagy's role in OTM is medically relevant due to its links with inflammatory conditions.