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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.1K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Directing on-surface polymerization via a substrate-directed molecular template.

Siyi Gu1, Shizhang Fu1, Caimei Gong1

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Researchers explored how substrate symmetry influences on-surface polymerization for molecular nanostructures. They found that matching halogen-ligand components with copper surfaces enables regular metal-organic structure fabrication.

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Area of Science:

  • Surface science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials chemistry

Background:

  • On-surface polymerization is key for creating functional molecular nanostructures.
  • Controlling this process using templates is crucial for precise fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of symmetric matching between halogen-ligand precursors and metal substrates.
  • To understand the templating effect on molecular assembly and polymerization.
  • To fabricate regular metal-organic structures on Cu(111) and Cu(100) surfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) was used to study molecular assembly and polymerization.
  • Experiments were conducted on Cu(111), Cu(100), and Au(111) surfaces.
  • Post-annealing treatments were applied to induce polymerization.

Main Results:

  • Symmetric matching between H2TBrPP and Cu substrates facilitated regular metal-organic structure formation.
  • On Au(111), weak substrate-directing effects led to short-range order polymers.
  • A bilayer of ordered H2TBrPP was fabricated on Au(111), with top-layer molecules guided by the first layer.
  • Substrate-directed templating enabled polymerization into ordered molecular chain arrays on the top layer.

Conclusions:

  • Substrate symmetry plays a critical role in directing on-surface polymerization.
  • Templating strategies, including bilayer formation, can control molecular ordering and polymerization.
  • This approach allows for the fabrication of precisely arranged molecular nanostructures.