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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
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Reproductive Issues and Pregnancy Implications in Systemic Sclerosis.

Maria-Grazia Lazzaroni1, Francesca Crisafulli1, Liala Moschetti1

  • 1Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.

Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
|January 18, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) management during pregnancy requires careful preconception counseling and multidisciplinary surveillance. While fertility is generally normal, severe organ involvement necessitates thorough risk assessment for successful pregnancy outcomes.

Keywords:
FertilityPreconception counselingPregnancyReproductive issuesSystemic sclerosis

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Obstetrics
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disease with a female predominance, often affecting women during their reproductive years.
  • Nearly 50% of SSc patients experience disease onset during their fertility age, highlighting the importance of reproductive health considerations.
  • SSc can significantly impact reproductive health, necessitating specialized care for affected individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the key aspects of managing pregnancy in women with Systemic Sclerosis.
  • To outline strategies for minimizing maternal and fetal risks in SSc pregnancies.
  • To discuss fertility, sexual dysfunction, and pregnancy outcomes in the context of SSc.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies focusing on Systemic Sclerosis and pregnancy.
  • Analysis of data concerning pregnancy outcomes, risks, and management strategies in SSc patients.
  • Synthesis of information on fertility and sexual dysfunction in SSc.

Main Results:

  • Preconception counseling, treatment adjustment, and multidisciplinary surveillance are crucial for successful SSc pregnancies.
  • Pregnancy loss rates are comparable to the general population, except in cases of diffuse cutaneous SSc with severe organ involvement.
  • Preterm birth is common, and while disease activity is often stable, severe renal or cardiopulmonary involvement poses significant risks.

Conclusions:

  • Women with severe organ involvement in SSc should be fully informed of pregnancy risks and potentially discouraged from conceiving.
  • Sexual dysfunction is frequent in SSc patients due to pathogenic mechanisms.
  • Fertility is generally normal in SSc women, but the impact of immunosuppressive drugs on male fertility requires further investigation.