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Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience,...
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Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency
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Authorship then and now.

Eve Marder1

  • 1Volen Center and Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States.

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|January 18, 2022
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This summary is machine-generated.

Authorship on scientific papers should reflect substantial contributions. This ensures academic integrity and proper credit for research efforts. Proper attribution is key in scientific publishing.

Keywords:
Guido GuidottiLiving Scienceauthorship

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Area of Science:

  • Scientific publishing ethics
  • Research integrity

Background:

  • Authorship criteria in scientific publications are crucial for academic recognition.
  • Ensuring that all listed authors have made significant intellectual contributions is a cornerstone of research ethics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the ethical standards for authorship in scientific research.
  • To emphasize the requirement of substantive contributions for inclusion as an author on a research paper.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established academic publishing guidelines.
  • Analysis of ethical principles in scientific research dissemination.

Main Results:

  • Substantive contribution is the primary ethical criterion for authorship.
  • Lack of significant input disqualifies an individual from authorship.

Conclusions:

  • Adherence to substantive contribution guidelines upholds the integrity of scientific authorship.
  • Clear authorship criteria promote fairness and accountability in research.