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Structure and Cooperativity in Substrate-Enzyme Interactions: Perspectives on Enzyme Engineering and Inhibitor Design
Eerappa Rajakumara1, Suman Abhishek1, Kulhar Nitin1
1Macromolecular Structural Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502285, India.
ACS Chemical Biology
|January 18, 2022
Summary
Enzyme engineering enhances biocatalysts for industrial synthesis. This review details bisubstrate enzyme mechanisms and structures, guiding protein engineering for greener chemical production.
Area of Science:
- Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering
- Green Chemistry
- Protein Science
Background:
- Enzyme-based synthesis offers green, selective chemical production.
- Industrial biocatalysis faces challenges: narrow substrate scope, stability, and expression levels.
- Protein engineering can overcome these limitations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive understanding of bisubstrate enzymes.
- To categorize bisubstrate enzymes by reaction mechanism and structure.
- To highlight protein engineering strategies for industrial biocatalyst development.
Main Methods:
- Review of enzyme structure, catalytic mechanisms, and structure-function relationships.
- Analysis of substrate-enzyme-cofactor complex dynamics.
- Categorization of bisubstrate enzymes based on reaction and active site structures.
Main Results:
- Bisubstrate enzymes represent ~60% of industrially relevant enzymes.
- Detailed insights into enzyme structure, mechanism, and substrate binding are crucial for engineering.
- Understanding structure-activity relationships guides target selection for protein engineering.
Conclusions:
- Rational enzyme engineering is key to developing robust industrial biocatalysts.
- Focusing on bisubstrate enzymes offers significant potential for advancing green chemistry.
- This review provides essential knowledge for optimizing enzymes for large-scale applications.
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