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Macrolides from rare actinomycetes: Structures and bioactivities.

Ammar A Al-Fadhli1, Michael D Threadgill2, Faez Mohammed3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen; Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, United Kingdom.

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Rare actinomycetes yield diverse macrolides with significant medicinal potential. This review highlights their bioactivities and structures, suggesting future therapeutic applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Natural Products Chemistry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Rare actinomycetes are prolific producers of diverse secondary metabolites.
  • Macrolides are a significant class of these metabolites, known for various biological activities.
  • Previous research has identified numerous macrolides from actinomycetes, but rare genera remain underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the bioactivities and representative structures of macrolides derived from rare actinomycetes.
  • To identify promising macrolide classes for potential therapeutic applications.
  • To consolidate information on macrolides from genera like Micromonospora, Saccharothrix, Amycolatopsis, Nocardiopsis, and Catenulispora.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific databases.
  • Analysis of published data on macrolide structures and bioactivities.
  • Categorization of macrolides based on their source genus and biological effects.

Main Results:

  • Twenty-six groups of macrolides from rare actinomycetes were identified and analyzed.
  • Key macrolide groups with broad bioactivities include ammocidins, bafilomycins, neomaclafungins, rosaramicins, spinosyns, and tiacumicins.
  • These macrolides exhibit a wide spectrum of activities: cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial, insecticidal, anti-trypanosomal, antimalarial, antiprotozoal, antimycobacterial, and anti-herpetic.

Conclusions:

  • Macrolides from rare actinomycetes possess diverse and potent bioactivities, making them valuable candidates for drug discovery.
  • Genera such as Micromonospora are particularly rich sources of these compounds.
  • Further investigation into these macrolides is warranted for their potential future applications in medicine.