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Related Concept Videos

Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:18

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Cytoskeletal filaments are polymeric forms of smaller protein subunits. However, individual cytoskeletal filaments may easily disassemble or associate with other similar filaments to form rigid structures. Microfilaments, made of actin monomers, rely on actin-binding proteins to form bundles and create networks of individual actin filaments. Microtubules rely on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to form sturdy cylindrical structures. However, the proteins involved in forming complex...
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Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures01:32

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Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
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Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
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Spindle Assembly02:50

Spindle Assembly

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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
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The Mitotic Spindle02:27

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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
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Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Self-assembly of Complex Two-dimensional Shapes from Single-stranded DNA Tiles
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Self-assembly of Complex Two-dimensional Shapes from Single-stranded DNA Tiles

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The time complexity of self-assembly.

Florian M Gartner1,2, Isabella R Graf1,2, Erwin Frey3,2

  • 1Department of Physics, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80333 München, Germany.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|January 19, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study analyzes the time efficiency of self-assembly processes, crucial for biology and nanotechnology. It introduces a new framework to understand assembly kinetics and proposes an efficient, irreversible method for nanostructure assembly.

Keywords:
nonequilibrium self-assemblyself-assembly scenariosupply controltime complexitytime efficiency

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Biophysics
  • Computer Science

Background:

  • Self-assembly is vital in biological processes and increasingly important in nanotechnology.
  • Understanding the kinetics and time efficiency of self-assembly remains a challenge.
  • Current research often focuses on structural outcomes rather than dynamic processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the time complexity of nonequilibrium self-assembly processes.
  • To explore how assembly time scales with target structure size.
  • To identify optimal control strategies and novel assembly schemes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of self-assembly kinetics using concepts from computer science time complexity.
  • Modeling how assembly time scales with the size of the target structure.
  • Identification of distinct assembly scenarios or 'algorithms'.

Main Results:

  • Distinct classes of self-assembly scenarios with varying time complexities were identified.
  • The scaling of assembly time with structure size was characterized.
  • Optimal control strategies for nonequilibrium self-assembly were proposed.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a novel framework for understanding self-assembly kinetics and time efficiency.
  • An efficient, irreversible scheme for artificial nanostructure self-assembly was suggested.
  • This new scheme complements existing methods and avoids the need for fine-tuning binding energies.