Interplays between auxin and GA signaling coordinate early fruit development

Phytohormones and their interactions are critical for fruit development and are key topics in horticulture research. Auxin, together with gibberellic acid (GA), promotes cell division and expansion, thereby regulating fruit development and enlargement after fertilization. Auxin- and GA-related mutants show parthenocarpy (fruit formation without fertilization of the ovule) in many plant species, indicating that these hormones and possibly their interactions play a key role in the regulation of fruit initiation and development. Recent studies have shown clear molecular and genetic evidence that ARF/IAA and DELLA proteins interact with one another and regulate both auxin and GA signaling pathways in response to auxin and GA during fruit growth in horticultural plants such as tomato (the most studied fleshy fruit) and strawberry (the model for Rosaceae). These recent findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which the plant hormones auxin and GA regulate fruit development.