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Hypoglycemia in diabetes: An update on pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention

Afif Nakhleh1, Naim Shehadeh2

  • 1Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel. anakhleh@gmail.com.

World Journal of Diabetes
|January 20, 2022
PubMed

Insights

Hypoglycemia is a frequent complication for diabetic patients, especially those using insulin or certain oral medications. Effective prevention involves patient education on risks, signs, and treatment, alongside personalized glycemic control goals.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Diabetes Management

Background:

  • Hypoglycemia is a common complication in diabetes, particularly with insulin, sulfonylurea, or glinide treatments.
  • Impaired counterregulatory responses and hypoglycemia unawareness are key risk factors for severe episodes.
  • Hypoglycemic events lead to physical and psychological distress, hindering glycemic control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive update on the treatment and prevention of hypoglycemia.
  • To address hypoglycemia in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on hypoglycemia treatment and prevention.
  • Analysis of risk factors, warning signs, and management strategies.
  • Focus on patient education and personalized glycemic control.

Main Results:

  • Hypoglycemia significantly impacts patient well-being and treatment adherence.
  • Patient education is crucial for recognizing and managing hypoglycemia.
  • Personalized glycemic targets are essential for balancing control and safety.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive patient education and individualized glycemic goals are vital for preventing hypoglycemia.
  • Addressing hypoglycemia is critical for improving the quality of life for diabetic patients.
  • This review synthesizes current knowledge for optimal clinical practice.
Keywords:
Continuous glucose monitoringDiabetes mellitusGlucagonGlucoseHypoglycemiaInsulin

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