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Modulating intrinsic functional connectivity with visual cortex using low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic

Sara A Rafique1, Jennifer K E Steeves1

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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can alter brain connectivity. A single rTMS session to the visual cortex caused significant changes in functional connectivity, while accelerated sessions had minimal effects, offering insights for visual disorder treatments.

Keywords:
GABAaccelerated rTMSfunctional connectivityglutamaterepetitive TMSresting-state fMRIvisual cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging
  • Brain Stimulation

Background:

  • Intrinsic brain network connectivity is altered in various pathophysiological conditions.
  • Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), show potential for modulating these pathological networks.
  • Understanding rTMS effects on visual networks is crucial for developing treatments for visual disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of two low-frequency rTMS protocols targeting the visual cortex on functional connectivity within the visual network and default mode network (DMN).
  • To explore the relationship between resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) changes and alterations in neurotransmitter concentrations (GABA and glutamate) following rTMS.
  • To assess the potential of rTMS as a therapeutic tool for visual-related disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of two 1 Hz rTMS protocols: a single 20-minute session versus five successive 20-minute sessions (accelerated rTMS).
  • Utilized multi-echo resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) for whole-brain imaging and rsFC analysis.
  • Measured in vivo concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glx) using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).

Main Results:

  • A single rTMS session induced widespread connectivity reconfiguration, with changes observable 1 hour post-stimulation.
  • Accelerated rTMS sessions resulted in minimal connectivity alterations, suggesting a homeostatic response.
  • Changes in GABA+ and Glx concentrations were correlated with network connectivity, and these changes were dependent on the specific rTMS protocol used.

Conclusions:

  • This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that rTMS can modulate intrinsic functional connectivity in the visual cortex and interconnected networks.
  • Differential effects of single-session versus accelerated rTMS on physiological markers were observed, highlighting the importance of protocol selection.
  • Findings provide a foundation for advancing rTMS as a treatment modality for visual cortex-related disorders.