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Is replication possible without fidelity?

Michelle R Ellefson1, Daniel M Oppenheimer2

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Replication failures in psychology may stem from protocol deviations, not just p-hacking. Maintaining experimental fidelity is crucial for reliable research findings and accurate effect sizes.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Research Methodology
  • Scientific Replication

Background:

  • Replication failures in experimental psychology are a growing concern.
  • Existing explanations include p-hacking, publication bias, and hidden moderators.
  • Reduced experimental power due to protocol deviations is an under-explored factor.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate how manipulating experimental fidelity impacts effect size.
  • To identify statistical patterns in replication attempts that may indicate fidelity issues.

Main Methods:

  • A series of computer simulations were conducted.
  • The simulations manipulated fidelity to experimental protocols to observe effects on effect size.

Main Results:

  • Fidelity violations were found to significantly influence effect size.
  • The observed statistical patterns mimicked those seen in large-scale replication projects (e.g., ManyLabs) and meta-analyses.
  • This suggests that deviations from experimental protocols are common in psychology replication attempts.

Conclusions:

  • Violations of experimental fidelity are a plausible cause of replication failures in psychology.
  • Adopting methods for improving and measuring fidelity, as used in intervention science, medicine, and education, is recommended for psychology.
  • Enhanced fidelity management can improve the reliability of psychological research.