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Related Concept Videos

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis01:22

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

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Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is a high-resolution protein separation method first introduced by O' Farrell and Klose in 1975. This method involves protein separation by two dimensions, mass and charge, making it more accurate than one-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
The first dimension separation uses the isoelectric focusing or IEF technique performed on immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips that separate proteins according to their isoelectric points.
Biological samples, such...
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SDS-PAGE01:27

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Gel electrophoresis is a method that separates biological macromolecules like nucleic acids or proteins by forcing them to pass through a gel matrix under an electric field.
A variation of gel electrophoresis, termed  polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), is commonly used for separating proteins according to their molecular size by passing them through a polyacrylamide gel. Because of the varying charges associated with amino acid side chains, PAGE can be used to separate intact...
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Characteristics of Precipitation-formed Polyethylene Glycol Microgels Are Controlled by Molecular Weight of Reactants
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Drug-Induced Phase Separation in Polyelectrolyte Microgels.

Yassir Al-Tikriti1,2, Per Hansson1,2

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Polyelectrolyte microgels loaded with amphiphilic drugs can exhibit coexisting collapsed and swollen phases, challenging previous assumptions and revealing thermodynamic stabilization of phase boundaries. This finding is crucial for understanding drug delivery systems.

Keywords:
amphiphilebinding isothermdrugmicrogelmicropipettemicroscopyphase separationphase transitionswelling

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Polyelectrolyte microgels are crucial in drug delivery, undergoing volume phase transitions upon interaction with amphiphilic molecules.
  • These transitions typically involve a complete swelling or collapse, studied in large solution volumes.
  • The formation of distinct core-shell structures during these transitions has been observed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hypothesis that thermodynamic factors stabilize the boundary between collapsed and swollen phases within microgels, allowing coexistence at equilibrium.
  • To study the interaction between sodium polyacrylate (PA) microgels and amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMT) at varying ionic strengths.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a specialized microscopy cell and micromanipulators to observe single microgels in small liquid volumes of AMT solution.
  • Employed rhodamine B as a fluorescent probe to map AMT micelle distribution.
  • Determined AMT content using spectrophotometry and studied AMT binding and distribution in suspensions.

Main Results:

  • Observed coexistence of collapsed, AMT-rich, and swollen, AMT-lean phases in equilibrium or as metastable states at intermediate AMT loading.
  • At 10 mM ionic strength, collapsed phases formed non-core-shell structures (domains or calottes).
  • At 155 mM ionic strength, initially collapsed microgels showed a swollen shell and collapsed core after partial AMT release; suspensions exhibited bimodal distributions.

Conclusions:

  • The results support the hypothesis that thermodynamic factors stabilize the boundary between collapsed and swollen phases within the same microgel.
  • This coexistence phenomenon offers new insights into the behavior of microgels in drug delivery applications.
  • The findings highlight the importance of considering phase coexistence for controlled release mechanisms.