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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells
06:07

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells

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Magnesium sensing via LFA-1 regulates CD8+ T cell effector function.

Jonas Lötscher1, Adrià-Arnau Martí I Líndez2, Nicole Kirchhammer3

  • 1Department of Biomedicine, Immunobiology, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.

Cell
|January 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Magnesium is crucial for T-cell immunity. This study reveals magnesium enables the LFA-1 molecule to activate T-cells, enhancing their ability to fight pathogens and tumors, and improving cancer therapies.

Keywords:
CAR T cellsMg2+T cell engaging antibodiesco-stimulation/LFA-1immune controlintegration of microenvironment and T cell functionmagnesiummemory CD8 T cellsmicroenvironmenttumor-specific T cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • The role of extracellular magnesium in cellular immunity is not well understood.
  • Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in numerous biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of extracellular magnesium in T-cell activation and anti-tumor immunity.
  • To explore the mechanism by which magnesium influences T-cell co-stimulation via LFA-1.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the effect of magnesium on LFA-1 conformation and function on CD8+ T-cells.
  • Assessed T-cell signaling, metabolism, and cytotoxicity in varying magnesium conditions.
  • Analyzed clinical data from patients treated with CAR T-cells and immune checkpoint antibodies.

Main Results:

  • Magnesium is required for the active conformation of LFA-1 on T-cells, enhancing calcium flux, signal transduction, and cytotoxicity.
  • Magnesium sufficiency improved T-cell performance against pathogens and tumors, and enhanced CAR T-cell and bispecific antibody efficacy.
  • Low serum magnesium levels correlated with poorer outcomes in patients undergoing immunotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • The magnesium-LFA-1 axis is a critical link between nutrient sensing and T-cell co-stimulation.
  • Magnesium levels directly impact T-cell function and therapeutic outcomes in cancer immunotherapy.
  • Targeting the magnesium-LFA-1 interaction represents a potential therapeutic strategy to enhance anti-cancer immunity.