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Standing Waves in a Cavity

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.

Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

Induced Electric Dipoles

Induced Electric Dipoles

A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
Since the absolute value of potential energy holds no physical meaning, its zero value can be chosen as per...

Spherical and Cylindrical Capacitor

Spherical and Cylindrical Capacitor

A spherical capacitor consists of two concentric conducting spherical shells of radii R1 (inner shell) and R2 (outer shell). The shells have equal and opposite charges of +Q and −Q, respectively. For an isolated conducting spherical capacitor, the radius of the outer shell can be considered to be infinite.
Conventionally, considering the symmetry, the electric field between the concentric shells of a spherical capacitor is directed radially outward. The magnitude of the field,...

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Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

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Quantum Switchboard with Coupled-Cavity Array.

Wai-Keong Mok¹, Leong-Chuan Kwek^1,2,3,4

¹Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)

|January 21, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a quantum switchboard to control quantum information flow for quantum computation. This device also functions as a quantum cloning machine, ensuring maximal fidelity and preventing information loss.

Keywords:

coupled-cavity array quantum entanglement quantum network

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Area of Science:

Quantum Information Science
Quantum Computing
Quantum Communication

Background:

Controlling quantum information flow is crucial for advancing quantum computation and networks.
Existing methods for quantum information transfer face challenges in scalability and reliability.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a controllable quantum switchboard for directing quantum teleportation.
To develop a device that also functions as an optimal quantum cloning machine.
To provide a physically implementable solution for quantum information routing.

Main Methods:

Demonstration of a controllable quantum switchboard.
Integration of quantum teleportation and quantum cloning functionalities.
Proposal of a physical implementation using a coupled-cavity array.

Main Results:

The quantum switchboard successfully directs quantum teleportation to a chosen target.
The switchboard acts as an optimal quantum cloning machine, achieving maximal fidelity of 56%.
The cloning capability protects against complete quantum information loss if teleportation fails.

Conclusions:

The proposed quantum switchboard offers deterministic control over quantum information flow.
This technology is vital for efficient quantum information routing in large-scale quantum networks.
The device enhances the robustness and efficiency of quantum communication protocols.