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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Acute Pancreatitis II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:30

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Acute pancreatitis presents a complex medical emergency characterized by rapid onset inflammation of the pancreas, demanding timely diagnosis and management to prevent complications. The condition primarily manifests through severe upper abdominal pain that often radiates to the back. This pain intensifies following the consumption of fatty foods. Accompanying symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, fever, dyspnea, cyanosis, and jaundice can vary in intensity but significantly...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Related Experiment Video

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SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Pancreatic β Cell Failure.

Keiichiro Mine1,2, Seiho Nagafuchi1, Hitoe Mori1

  • 1Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.

Biology
|January 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 infection may cause new-onset diabetes by damaging pancreatic beta cells. This review explores the link between SARS-CoV-2 and diabetes mellitus, highlighting potential causal roles and pathogenesis.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2diabetespancreasvirusβ cell

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Virology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily affects the lungs but can lead to multi-organ dysfunction.
  • Diabetes mellitus is a known risk factor for severe COVID-19.
  • Emerging evidence suggests SARS-CoV-2 infection may also trigger new-onset diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review and discuss published findings on the potential association between SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19 and pancreatic beta-cell damage.
  • To explore the role of SARS-CoV-2 in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus onset.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of published research on COVID-19 and diabetes.
  • Analysis of studies investigating pancreatic and beta-cell damage in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.
  • Discussion of controversial findings and limitations due to case numbers.

Main Results:

  • The pancreas and pancreatic beta cells appear to be targets of SARS-CoV-2.
  • Direct or indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to pancreatic beta-cell damage.
  • Controversial results exist, partly due to the limited number of reported cases of COVID-19-precipitated diabetes.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection may play a causal role in the development of diabetes mellitus.
  • Understanding the link between COVID-19 and pancreatic beta-cell damage is crucial for elucidating diabetes pathogenesis.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms and prevalence of COVID-19-induced diabetes.