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Changes in Alpine Butterfly Communities during the Last 40 Years.

Simona Bonelli1, Cristiana Cerrato1,2, Francesca Barbero1

  • 1Department of Life Science and Systems Biology Turin University, 10123 Turin, Italy.

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|January 21, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Butterfly communities in the Italian Maritime Alps show species turnover due to climate warming. Specialized alpine species declined, replaced by common lowland species, indicating a potential loss of resilience.

Keywords:
climate changecommunity ecologygeomorphic disturbancelong-term changesmaritime alpsmountain ecosystemreforestation

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Climate Change Biology
  • Entomology

Background:

  • Alpine ecosystems are sensitive to climate change, impacting species distribution and community composition.
  • Long-term monitoring is crucial for understanding ecological responses to environmental shifts.
  • Butterfly communities serve as indicators of environmental health and climate change impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess changes in butterfly communities in the Italian Maritime Alps over 40 years.
  • To correlate observed butterfly community shifts with altitudinal plant community changes and climate data.
  • To evaluate the impact of climate warming on alpine butterfly diversity and resilience.

Main Methods:

  • Semi-quantitative linear transect sampling of butterflies across 7 grassland sites (1300-1900 m) in 2019, comparing with 2009 and 1978 data.
  • Quantification of climate changes using fine-scale temperature and precipitation data.
  • Assessment of vegetation cover and habitat alterations via aerial photograph analysis (1978-2018).

Main Results:

  • A decrease in grassland habitats and an increase in woodland cover were observed between 1978 and 2009.
  • Butterfly communities exhibited 'species substitution,' with a decline in specialized species and a rise in tolerant ones.
  • No decrease in species richness was detected, but a shift in guild composition occurred, favoring widespread lowland species over alpine species.

Conclusions:

  • Observed changes in butterfly community composition align with the predicted impacts of local warming.
  • The apparent resilience of butterfly communities may be delusive, masking a loss of specialized alpine elements.
  • Long-term ecological shifts in alpine regions necessitate continued monitoring and adaptive conservation strategies.