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Conformations of Cyclohexane

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this...

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Network Covalent Solids

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR

The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:

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Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

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On the Possible Nature of Armchair-Zigzag Structure Formation and Heat Capacity Decrease in MWCNTs.

Alexander Ponomarev¹, Valeriy Egorushkin¹, Nadezhda Bobenko¹

¹Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISPMS SB RAS), 2/4, pr. Akademicheskii, 634055 Tomsk, Russia.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|January 21, 2022

Summary

Structural disorder in multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) affects their specific heat. Controlling this disorder can optimize thermal properties for advanced materials.

Keywords:

carbon nanotubes domain structure heat capacity phonons size effect structural disorder

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Preparation and Evaluation of Hybrid Composites of Chemical Fuel and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Study of Thermopower Waves

Preparation and Evaluation of Hybrid Composites of Chemical Fuel and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Study of Thermopower Waves

Published on: April 10, 2015

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) exhibit unique thermal properties.
Understanding the relationship between structural disorder and heat capacity is crucial for their application.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of structural disorder on the specific heat of MWCNTs.
To develop a thermodynamic theory for domain structure formation during MWCNT synthesis.
To explore the potential for controlling thermal properties through structural modification.

Main Methods:

X-ray diffractometry
Raman spectroscopy
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Thermodynamic theory modeling

Main Results:

Analyzed structural disorder using X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, and TEM.
Developed a thermodynamic theory for zigzag-armchair domain structure formation.
Estimated domain sizes at approximately 40 nm.
Observed a decrease in heat capacity attributed to this domain size effect.

Conclusions:

Structural disorder significantly influences the temperature-dependent specific heat of MWCNTs.
The size effect of domains reduces heat capacity.
Findings enable control over nanotube thermal properties for applications in thermoelectrics, thermal interface materials, and nanofluids.