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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

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Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
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Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

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Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
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Related Experiment Video

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Assay to Measure Nucleocytoplasmic Transport in Real Time within Motor Neuron-like NSC-34 Cells
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Karyopherin-mediated nucleocytoplasmic transport.

Casey E Wing1, Ho Yee Joyce Fung2, Yuh Min Chook3

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|January 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Karyopherin-β (Kap) proteins mediate essential nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules. This review details Kap functions, cargo recognition, regulation, and transport of large gene expression machinery components.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nucleocytoplasmic transport is vital for eukaryotic cell function.
  • Karyopherin-β (Kap) proteins are key mediators of macromolecular traffic through nuclear pores.
  • Decades of research have elucidated the mechanisms of Kap-mediated transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the features and functions of Kap family members.
  • To describe Kap-cargo recognition and regulatory mechanisms.
  • To discuss the transport of large gene expression machinery components.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of established research on Karyopherin-β proteins.
  • Analysis of current findings on Kap-cargo interactions and regulation.
  • Examination of the import/export pathways for core replisome, RNA polymerase II, and ribosome components.

Main Results:

  • Kaps exhibit diverse functions in cargo recognition and transport.
  • Regulation of Kap-cargo interactions is multifaceted.
  • Significant knowledge gaps remain regarding the trafficking of large macromolecular complexes.

Conclusions:

  • Karyopherin-β proteins are central to regulated nucleocytoplasmic transport.
  • Understanding Kap-cargo dynamics and large complex trafficking is crucial for cell biology.
  • Further research is needed to address persistent questions in macromolecular transport.