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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Microfluidic Preparation of Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Actuators
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Polymer crystallization under external flow.

Junfang Sheng1, Wei Chen1, Kunpeng Cui1

  • 1National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China.

Reports on Progress in Physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)
|January 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flow-induced crystallization (FIC) is vital for polymer processing. This review covers theories, multi-scale characterization, and modeling of FIC, advancing understanding of non-equilibrium ordering in condensed physics.

Keywords:
FICFINhyphenated analytical techniquesmulti-scale modelingmulti-step orderingpolymer crystallization

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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Flow-induced crystallization (FIC) is critical for processing crystalline polymers, affecting two-thirds of daily-used polymers.
  • FIC behavior deviates significantly from quiescent conditions, presenting a non-equilibrium ordering challenge in condensed physics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental theoretical background of FIC.
  • To detail the multi-step ordering process and characterization methods for FIC.
  • To summarize multi-scale modeling approaches and suggest future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of theories on polymer nucleation under flow (FIN), including coil-stretch transition and entropy reduction models.
  • Discussion of multi-step ordering: chain extension, conformational ordering, density fluctuation, and crystalline perfection.
  • Integration of experimental results from hyphenated rheometers (rheo-optical spectroscopy, rheo-IR, rheo-x-ray scattering).

Main Results:

  • Elucidation of the multi-step and hierarchical structure transitions during FIC.
  • Demonstration of how advanced hyphenated rheometers aid in understanding FIC.
  • Summary of micro/meso scale simulations and macroscopic continuum modeling for FIC.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of FIC's fundamental basis has been achieved through theoretical, experimental, and modeling efforts.
  • Future work aims to establish a unified theory of FIC and develop more applicable processing models.