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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
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Disorder-Induced Ordering in Gallium Oxide Polymorphs.

Alexander Azarov1, Calliope Bazioti1, Vishnukanthan Venkatachalapathy1,2

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In gallium oxide, radiation disorder typically causes amorphization. However, a monoclinic to orthorhombic phase transition suppresses this, enabling new polymorphic growth in semiconductors.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Physics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Polymorphism is common, often stabilized by external pressure.
  • Radiation disorder in semiconductors usually leads to amorphization, not polymorphism.
  • Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) is a semiconductor exhibiting complex phase behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the suppression of amorphization in gallium oxide via phase transitions.
  • To explore the potential for controlled polymorphism in semiconductors under radiation.
  • To discover novel polymorphic regrowth mechanisms in Ga2O3.

Main Methods:

  • Inducing pressure and strain via accumulated radiation disorder in gallium oxide.
  • Fabricating a highly oriented single-phase orthorhombic Ga2O3 film on a monoclinic substrate.
  • Observing and analyzing the lateral polymorphic regrowth phenomenon.

Main Results:

  • Amorphization in gallium oxide was significantly suppressed by a monoclinic to orthorhombic phase transition.
  • A highly oriented single-phase orthorhombic Ga2O3 film was successfully grown on a monoclinic substrate.
  • A novel lateral polymorphic regrowth mode, previously unobserved in solids, was detected in the Ga2O3 system.

Conclusions:

  • Phase transitions can suppress radiation-induced amorphization in semiconductors, enabling polymorphism.
  • The discovery of lateral polymorphic regrowth opens new avenues for research in Ga2O3 and other polymorphic materials.
  • This work provides a new direction for controlling and utilizing polymorphism in advanced materials.