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Comprehensive Direct Georeferencing of Aerial Images for Unmanned Aerial Systems Applications.
Carlos A M Correia1, Fabio A A Andrade2,3, Agnar Sivertsen2
1Federal Center of Technological Education of Rio de Janeiro (CEFET/RJ), Rio de Janeiro 20271-110, Brazil.
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 22, 2022
Summary
Direct georeferencing accurately locates images from Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) without ground control points. This paper details a comprehensive method for this complex process, crucial for aerial imaging applications.
Area of Science:
- Geomatics
- Photogrammetry
- Remote Sensing
Background:
- Optical image sensors on Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) require accurate geographic positioning for most applications.
- Direct georeferencing, which omits ground control points, is complex due to numerous data inputs and reference frame transformations.
- Inconsistent manufacturer and software reference frames add complexity to direct georeferencing implementation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive method for the direct georeferencing of aerial images acquired by UAS-mounted cameras.
- To detail all necessary information, mathematical operations, and implementation steps for direct georeferencing.
- To address the lack of a unified explanation for this crucial process in existing literature.
Main Methods:
- Compilation of essential data: camera sensor characteristics, mounting measurements, and UAS position/attitude.
- Detailed explanation of mathematical operations, including rotations and translations between reference frames.
- Step-by-step implementation guide for direct georeferencing.
Main Results:
- A comprehensive methodology for direct georeferencing is presented.
- Simulated and real flight data were used to demonstrate the method's practical application.
- The accuracy of the developed direct georeferencing method was validated through georeferencing objects in acquired images.
Conclusions:
- The presented method offers a complete and detailed approach to direct georeferencing for UAS aerial imagery.
- The successful validation using simulated and real data confirms the method's accuracy and practical utility.
- This work fills a gap in the literature by providing a unified resource for direct georeferencing techniques.
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