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Related Concept Videos

The Nucleus01:32

The Nucleus

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The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
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Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Additional Subnuclear Structures02:10

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The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals. 
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Eukaryotic Compartmentalization01:37

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One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry out specialized functions. Since biological membranes are only selectively permeable to solutes, they help create a compartment with controlled conditions inside an organelle. These microenvironments are tailored to the organelle's specific functions and help isolate them from the surrounding cytosol.
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The Nucleolus

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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport
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One ring doesn't rule them all: Distinct nuclear pore complexes in a single cell.

Megan R McCarthy1, C Patrick Lusk1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA.

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|January 22, 2022
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Researchers revealed multiple nuclear pore complex (NPC) structures, showing dynamic forms within cells. This provides new insights into NPC architecture and its evolutionary origins.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) regulate transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • Understanding the structural plasticity and dynamics of NPCs is crucial but challenging.
  • Previous studies have provided static snapshots of NPC structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the structural plasticity and dynamics of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs).
  • To present comprehensive NPC structures from both in vitro and in vivo preparations.
  • To provide insights into the evolutionary origin of NPC architecture.

Main Methods:

  • Cryo-electron tomography (Cryo-ET) for in vivo structural analysis.
  • Single-particle analysis for in vitro structural determination.
  • Comparative structural analysis of multiple NPC preparations.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of multiple distinct NPC forms within single cells.
  • Comprehensive structural data revealing NPC heterogeneity.
  • Identification of structural variations linked to cellular state or function.

Conclusions:

  • NPCs exhibit significant structural plasticity and dynamic conformational changes.
  • Multiple NPC forms coexist within cells, challenging the notion of a single canonical structure.
  • The study offers novel perspectives on the evolutionary trajectory of NPC architecture.