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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
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Development of Antibiotic Resistance01:30

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Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular fungi that were initially classified as protists but were later reclassified based on phylogenetic, molecular, and structural evidence linking them to the Chytridiomycota. These unicellular, non-motile organisms are highly specialized parasites that infect a wide range of animal hosts, including humans. They have evolved extensive genomic and metabolic reductions, making them highly dependent on their hosts for survival.Morphology and Genomic...
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Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
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Clostridioides difficile epidemiology in India.

Tanya M Monaghan1, Rima Biswas2, Ashish Satav3

  • 1NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.

Anaerobe
|January 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a significant health threat, yet data on its prevalence in India is scarce. Enhanced awareness and laboratory capacity are crucial for understanding and managing this neglected bacterial infection.

Keywords:
Antibiotic-associated diarrheaC. difficile infectionClostridioides difficileEpidemiologyIndia

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a global health concern affecting both hospitalized and community populations.
  • Despite significant investment in diagnosis and prevention in high-income countries, CDI remains under-recognized in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly India.
  • A lack of extensive multi-institutional studies hinders understanding of C. difficile epidemiology in India.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize existing research on the burden of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in humans and the environment within India.
  • To highlight the need for increased awareness and improved diagnostic and laboratory capacity for CDI in India and other LMICs.
  • To underscore the likely increasing prevalence and disease burden of C. difficile due to demographic and healthcare changes in Asia.

Main Methods:

  • This mini-review synthesizes current literature on Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in India.
  • It examines available epidemiologic data on human and environmental C. difficile burden.
  • The review consolidates findings from various studies to provide a comprehensive overview.

Main Results:

  • There is a significant paucity of epidemiologic data on Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in India.
  • Factors such as aging populations, increased healthcare access, and antimicrobial misuse suggest a potentially high and growing burden of CDI.
  • Current laboratory capacity and healthcare practitioner awareness for CDI diagnosis are insufficient.

Conclusions:

  • Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is likely a substantial and under-recognized public health issue in India.
  • Urgent improvements in healthcare provider education, diagnostic testing, and laboratory infrastructure are necessary.
  • Establishing a national reference laboratory is recommended to understand the molecular epidemiology of CDI in India and similar LMICs.