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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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A guide to immunotherapy for COVID-19.

Frank L van de Veerdonk1, Evangelos Giamarellos-Bourboulis2, Peter Pickkers3

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. frank.vandeveerdonk@radboudumc.nl.

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This review summarizes immunotherapy trials for COVID-19, offering insights into immune dysregulation and patient stratification to guide clinical decisions for host-directed therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Immune dysregulation is central to COVID-19 pathophysiology.
  • Steroids and anti-cytokine therapies show success, but clinical decisions are complex due to disease heterogeneity and variable evidence quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence from major clinical trials on host-directed therapies for COVID-19.
  • To support clinical decision-making by providing an overview of immunotherapy strategies.
  • To propose an algorithm for guiding immunotherapy use in clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of major clinical trials investigating host-directed therapies for COVID-19.
  • Analysis of patient stratification methods in immunotherapy studies.
  • Development of a clinical decision-making algorithm for immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Evidence from immunotherapy trials in COVID-19 patients is variable.
  • Patient heterogeneity and complex disease phenotypes complicate treatment selection.
  • Proposed patient stratification and an algorithm can guide immunotherapy use.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical decision-making for COVID-19 immunotherapy requires careful consideration of patient factors.
  • An evidence-based algorithm can optimize the use of host-directed therapies.
  • This approach may inform future trials for severe infections.